2.1 Oralism:Principles, Justification, Limitation:-- Oralism is a method of teaching deaf individuals to communicate primarily through spoken language and speech reading, rather than sign language or Through other visual forms of communication.
The principles of oralism include:
1. Emphasis on spoken language: Oralism places a strong emphasis on the development of spoken language skills with the goal of helping deaf individuals communicate effectively with the hearing world.
2. Use of speech reading: Oralism also includes the use of the speech reading, or lip reading, which helps deaf individualsunderstand language from a speak lips and facial expressions.
3. No or Limited use of spoken sign language after seeing movement: Oralism discourages or limiteds the use of sign language,as it is seen as a barreir to the development of spoken language skills and integration into a hearing society.
4. Early intervention: Oralism advocates identifying and addressing hearing loss as early as possible and providing speech and language therapy as early as possible. Early intervention with the goal of starting.
5. Integration into mainstream education: Encourages integration, this will enable learning and communication. It is important to note that oralism has been acontroversial approach to teaching deaf individuals, because of the lack of communication. It has been criticized for placing undue emphasis on spoken language at the expense of other forms and for not fully respecting the unique culture and identity of the deaf community. Some deaf individuals may also find orality to be a difficult or unnatural way to communicate, especially if they have limited residual hearing or difficulty reading speech. Oralism, or the approach of teaching deaf individuals to communicate through spoken language and speech reading, has been justified on several grounds. Some justifications for oralism
include:-
1. Communication with the hearing world
2. Linguistic and cognitive development
3. Integration into mainstream education
4. Limited availability of sign language interpreters
1. Communication with the hearing world: Oralism aims to help deaf individuals communicate more effectively with the hearing world, based primarily on spoken language. By teaching deaf individuals to speak and understand spoken language, oralism proponents argue that deaf individuals will be able to better integrate into mainstream society and have greater access to opportunities.
2. Linguistic and cognitive development: Some oralism proponents argue that teaching deaf individuals to communicate through spoken language can aid their linguistic and cognitive development. This is because spoken language is
seen as the most natural form of communication and is believed to promote better cognitive development than sign language.
3. Integration into mainstream education: Oralism is also justified on the grounds that it can help deaf individuals integrate into mainstream education settings. By teaching them to communicate through spoken language, they can participate more fully in class discussions and have greater access to academic material.
4. Limited availability of sign language interpreters: In some contexts, such as rural or developing areas, there may be limited availability of sign language interpreters. Oralism proponents argue that by teaching deaf individuals to communicate through spoken language, they can communicate more effectively with hearing individuals in these contexts. However, it is important to note that there are also criticisms of oralism, particularly in relation to its potential impost on the gulturel and linguisticidentity of the Deaf community, and the potential harm of denying Deaf individuals access to sign language, Which is a rich and natural language for many deaf individuals. The approach of teaching deaf individuals to communicate primarily through spoken language and speech has several limitations.
Some major limitations of reading include:
1. Limited success: While oralism hasbeen advocated as a way to help deaf individuals communicate more effectively with the hearing world, research shows that it may have limited success in achieving this goal. Is. Many deaf individuals struggle with spoken language and speech reading, and can find it difficult to integrate into hearing society, even with extensive training in these skills.
2. Limited respect for cultural and linguistic identity: Oralism has been criticized for not fully respecting the unique cultural and linguistic identity of the deaf community. By discouraging or limiting the use of sign language, which is a rich and natural language for many Deaf individuals, oralism can deprive Deafindividuals of access to a core aspect of their cultural identity.
3. Potentially Harmful: Oralism has been criticized as having the potential to be harmful to deaf individuals, especially those who have limited residual hearing or difficulty reading speech. Some deaf individuals may find orality to be a difficult or unnatural way to communicate, and may experience frustration or anxiety in trying to learn and use spoken language.
4. Limitedaccess to information: By relying on spoken language and speech readingas the primary means of communication, oralism can limit deaf individuals' access to information and opportunities, especially in situations where there are no sign language interpreters. Or where the quality of spoken language communication is poor.
5. Unequal access to education: Oralism has been criticized for perpetuating unequal access to education for deaf individuals. By focusing on integrating Deaf individuals into mainstream education settings, oralism may ignore the unique educational needs and strengths of Deaf individuals, leaving support unmet. And in light of these limitations to their academic and social development, many educators and advocates for the Deaf community have called for a more inclusive and equitable approach to education for Deaf individuals that fully embraces their cultural and linguistic identity. Respects and communicates with them effectively. and provide the tools and resources needed to participate fully in society.